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| Date: |
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| December 13, 2011 |
The Cure for Nature Deficit Disorder - Tiskita Jungle Lodge, Costa Rica, February 2011 by Kevin Shackleton, avid birder |
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| November 8, 2011 |
Shop Like The Planet's Watching - "A Guide to Sustainable Consumerism" (pdf. doc., YREA) by Gloria Marsh, Editor YREA (York Region Environmental Alliance) |
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| October 11, 2011 |
The 'Good', the 'Bad', and the 'Ugly' of Domestic Arthropods by Antonia Guidotti, Entomology Technician, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum |
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| September 13, 2011 |
Types of Trees, Management and Tree Replacement by Ryan Redvers, Certified Arborist |
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| May 10, 2011 |
Earthwatch Expedition "Brown Hyenas and Cape Vultures", February 2011, Johannesburg, South Africa by Kathy Boles CHRP, Lotek Wireless Fish & Wildlife Monitoring |
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| March 8, 2011 |
Bird Migration: Orientation and Navigation by Greg Mitchell, phD Candidate, University of Guelph |
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| February 8, 2011 |
Unique Native Plants and Plant Communities of the Bruce Peninsula by Mark Carabetta, Conservation Science Manager, Ontario Nature |
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| January 11, 2011 | Science-Based Monitoring of the Nearshore Zone, Lake Simcoe (Ontario Canada) by Brian Ginn, phD, Limnologist, Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority |
| December 13, 2011 - The Cure for Nature Deficit Disorder - Tiskita Jungle Eco-Lodge, Costa Rica, February 2011 by Kevin Shackleton, avid birder |
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This birding
ecological trip to |
| For further
information about the Tiskita Jungle Lodge, http://www.tiskita-lodge.co.cr/ |
| Kevin said, “If you
find yourself overwhelmed by e-mails, cell phone calls, paid TV and everything
at work, etc., and want to unplug from it all, this is the place to go.” To participate in this one week trip at the Tiskita Jungle Eco-Lodge all that was required was air-fare and the nerve to fly from the Tiskita Jungle Eco-Lodge is located north of the |
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| Once on the ground,
the owner of the Lodge met them and escorted them to the Lodge. All guests were
treated like they were family. Kevin reported seeing wildlife nearly
immediately on the path to the Lodge; namely, squirrel, white faced capuchin
monkeys coatis and various sorts of butterflies and spiders. The coatis were
eating water apples at the time of discovery. Howler monkeys were seen later in
the week. Although Kevin’s main focus was the native birds of |
| History: Costa Rica is a country in Forests were cleared to make way for pineapples, bananas and coffee plantations. It was discovered that preserving the wild-life and providing habit for the native species was more profitable. With this focus in mind and the government’s native tree planting incentive program the local people turned the area into a natural zoo where birds, animals, reptiles etc. can live without fear of man. When the project to reforest the area was first started all sorts of plants from all over the world were brought in but now their strategy is just to preserve the native species. Kevin said that when Peter bought the property 30-40 years ago the hills were barren. The only thing Tiskita had going for it was a spring water source and pools located on the steep hills. Kevin said that without this natural water resource Tiskita would not exist. Tiskita Eco-Jungle Lodge materialized as the forests, birds and animals returned to the area. Programs such as: surfing, swimming, deep sea fishing, guided jungle walks, horse back riding, bicycling, swimming pools / cool natural pools and relaxing on the beach, etc. were added as an additional drawing card. The lodge itself was self-contained and presented guests with a variety of indoor games when the outdoor weather was inclement. |
Accommodations: Tiskita Jungle Lodge, Costa Rica |
Kevin reported that one of the amazing features of the Tiskita Lodge was that you could sit on the balcony to observe and photograph the ocean and jungle wildlife right from your chair. It was from this vantage point that Kevin was able spot and photograph an 8 foot long iguana. Every evening at sundown the characteristic light plane engine sound of cicadas could be heard with the Howler monkey chorus joining them in the morning. Although the Lodge had a swimming pool, winter/snow acclimatized tourists (Canadians in particular) did not find the pool appealing, simply because the water was just too warm; however, the spring fed natural pools on the hill side were the ideal place to be when you needed to cool off. Kevin spoke about spending 30 minutes or more just sitting in the pool to recover from the heat after hiking. |
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| All meals were
provided, but guests were on their honor to report the drinking of beverages from
the bar. Screened in windows and ceiling fans kept living quarters reasonably comfortable. There was no air-conditioning. Bathrooms were roofed, walled off and open to the air. Any flick of the switch for light brought moths in to visit. A flashlight was needed between The lodge mascot was a semi-tame toucan that came and went as it pleased. Apparently this bird formed a bond with the people and staff at the lodge after staff rescued it and nursed it back to health following an attack from a kookbot. |
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| Photo gallery of just
some of the plants, birds, reptiles and animals of Tiskita: (all photos were taken by Kevin Shackleton) |
 Turkey Vulture |
 King Vulture |
 Scarlet Macaws |
 Brown Pelican |
 Riverside Wren |
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 Short-billed Pigeon |
 Band-tailed Barb-throat |
 Social Flycatcher |
 Black Vultures |
 Pileated Woodpecker |
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 Bare-throated Tiger Heron |
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 Social Flycatcher |
 Osprey or Tiskita |
 Wildlife of Cosa Rica - Photos by kevin Shackleton, February 2011 |
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| October 11, 2011 - The 'Good', the 'Bad', and the 'Ugly' of Domestic Arthropods by Antonia Guidotti, Entomology Technician, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum |
| Acknowledgement:
Many thanks to Antonia Guidotti for permission to use her information and some of her photos
in this article. Ms Guidotti described her presentation as being a
brief primer on domestic arthropods. Using power-point, Ms. Guidotti spoke to the YSN club regarding the 'Good', the 'Bad', and the 'Ugly' of Domestic Arthropods. By the word domestic, she meant those types of insects that live in or near your home. The 'GOOD' These are the types of insects that are either beneficial or do not cause significant damage to you or your possessions. Spiders There are over 5000 species of jumping spiders described with about 110 found in Canada. These have extraordinarily good eyesight and hunt/jump their prey while other spiders take a more relaxed approached, spin a web and wait until guests drop in. The common house spider enjoys the comfort of a good home to live in. |
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Masked bedbug hunter or Assassin bug This insect is often mistaken for a cockroach or a Chagas bug (Triatoma sp). Despite his/her appearance he/she is a predator and dines on other insects. Immature assassin bugs cover themselves with dust for camouflage and look dirty. Although they do not transmit disease, these bugs can give a painful bite. |
 ROM photo |
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House Centipede This is another arthropod that moves quickly, and is a predator of insects and arachnids (spiders). This insect may look as if it has 100 legs but in reality it has more like 30 legs. It likes damp areas (like basements & bathrooms). They have a weak bite. They cause no damage to the house or foods. |
 ROM photo |
| Fruit Flies Ms. Guidotti said that there are about 1500 species in the genus Drosophila. They are attracted to rotting or fermenting fruits or liquids. Most fruit flies feed on decaying fruit or fungal material. Generally fruit flies won't lay eggs on the fruit until the fruit is mature. A complete life cycle requires less than two weeks. The D. melanogaster species is used in genetic research because it is easily cultured. Social Wasps Concerned parents usually call the ROM to ask about nest removal when the wasp's nest is built near an entrance or there are children that are playing near a nest. Concerned parties are reminded that wasps, despite being a hazard, are pollinators and feed on caterpillars. Using another entrance and avoiding their nest is a recommended alternative rather than destroying their nest. One introduced species (Polistes dominulus) is becoming more commonly seen and is a little more aggressive. For more information on yellow-jackets, check out the ROM blog. http://blog.rom.on.ca/2011/09/yellowjackets-a-k-a-late-summer-picnic-pests/ |
| Western Conifer Seed Bug Although this insect is native to Western Canada, it has expanded its range in the last 25 years. It feeds on seed cones of pine trees during good weather but moves indoors to hibernate. This bug looks similar to the Assassin bug but belongs to a different family (Coreidae, the leaf footed bugs). It is a true bug and can be handled. |
 ROM photo |
| Asian Multi-coloured Ladybird Beetle This insect was introduced into the United States in the late 1970's to fight aphids. It was first recorded in Ontario in 1994 and is now the most common ladybird found in Ontario. In its native range this insect hibernates in cliffs and valleys; unfortunately in Canada it aggregates indoors to hibernate for winter and |
 ROM photo |
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| has become a nuisance because it
can stain furniture and walls in your home. Ladybirds don't usually
bite but this one has been known to occasionally nibble. Research
has shown that when populations reach large numbers, they may feed on
fruit. The 'BAD' These are the types of Arthropods that are either annoying or may bite you or damage your possessions. |
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| Cockroaches Of 4000 species, only 30 are associated with people and homes. The most common ones are American and German cockroaches. These insects are mainly nocturnal and adults of most species can fly. They feed on human foods and can carry microbes which can trigger allergic reactions and asthma. Ms. Guidotti recommended that we take precautions to avoid bringing them home with our groceries etc. Native wood cockroaches are not typically found in homes nor are they a concern. |
 ROM photo |
| Carpenter Ants These are the big black ants that you see around your yard and houses. They nest in wood but don't eat it. To find them look for dirty sawdust and listen for activity in the wall. They prefer soft, damp wood (but will nest in dry wood). Males and queens have wings when swarming. These arthropods are omnivorous and feed on sugars, plant juices, honey, aphid honey and other insects. If your house has ants, there is less chance that it will also have termites since these ants will feed on termites. |
| Clothing and Indian meal Moths The larvae of the clothing moth and case-making moth are attracted to and feed on clothing and natural fibres that have sweat or food on them. |
 ROM photo |
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| The larvae of the Indian meal moth feed on grain and grain products,
dried fruits, seeds, nuts, powdered milk, chocolate, candies, pet food,
etc. Sanitation, vacuuming and continuous checking to catch infestations early are the best controls in the home. Mosquitoes 57 species have been found in Ontario. It is the female mosquitoes that need a blood feed in order to reproduce. Research has found that two of the mosquito species are vectors for West Nile virus. Although West Nile virus has little effect on people, some sensitive individuals have brain swelling from being bitten. Amphibians, insects, birds, bats, etc. feed on mosquitoes. |
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| Carpet Beetles This is a common insect in homes, but is considered a museum 'pest' because they can damage collections (See ROM blog below for more information). The larvae are scavengers that feed on decaying organic material including skin, hair and natural fibres. Some larvae are even found on decomposing corpses. Adult beetles feed on flowers and shrubs. http://blog.rom.on.ca/2011/07/i-found-what-looks-like-a-tiny-caterpillar-in-my-home-what-is-it/ |
 ROM photo |
| Fleas Fleas are wingless, bloodsucking parasites of pets, livestock and man. Rat fleas were carriers of the Bubonic plague. An adult female flea lays small, whitish eggs on her host's body, den or nest. Lice Lice are wingless parasites that can infest pets, poultry, livestock and humans (several thousand species). Lice can be divided into two groups: biting or chewing. The lice that infect humans are sucking lice. The three types of lice to infect human are: head Louse, Body Louse and the Crab Louse. 10 percent of the school population has a head lice infestation at any given time. This is a fairly high but accurate statistic. Mites Mites are more closely related to spiders. Many species are barely visible to the naked eye. Homes occasionally can become infested with the Northern fowl mite when a bird's nest is located near a window or on an eaves trough. The 'UGLY' Arthropods that you should know about Northern Black Widow Spider This arachnid can be found in Ontario including some outer parts of the greater Toronto area. If bitten the neurotoxin in females can be dangerous to young children, seniors and compromised individuals but is usually not fatal. The black colour with a red hour glass on the abdomen is typical but colours may vary with individual spiders. Males and immature spiders look different. Subterranean Termites Ms Guidotti reported that she has never received any of these insects. The workers are white and must live in dirt tunnels. Colonizing flight takes place in the spring (reproductives are winged). Termites can be very destructive to homes and are widespread in the city of Toronto and beyond. To eradicate, contact pest control. |
| Bed Bugs Bed bugs are on the increase in the world, including Ontario. Reduced use of pesticides, resistance to pesticides and increased global travelers are theories why bed bugs are spreading. Once bed bugs are established they are very difficult to eradicate. |
 ROM photo |
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| Bed bug facts They have 6 leg, antennae, three body parts and piercing mouthparts. They have reduced wings and do not fly. Family Cimicidae - Other species of cimicids: Swallow bugs, Bat bugs, Tropical bed bugs They are broadly flattened, ovoid, 6-9.5 mm long, brown in colour but reddish when full. Life Cycle The female lays over 200 eggs in her lifetime (1-12 eggs per day). In 6-17 days, nymphs emerge from the eggs. Nymphs feed about once every 7 days and then moult. They reach maturity after 5 moults. Depending on temperature, lifespan may be 5 months to 1 year. Fertilization takes place via traumatic insemination (the male pierces the abdominal wall of the female to fertilize her eggs). There is no courtship known. Behaviour All stages and sexes feed on blood, mostly at night when its host is inactive/sleeping. They can locate their host from 1.5 metres (maybe further). The bite is painless because anticoagulants and anaesthetics are injected. Bites can occur on the arms, legs, back and face of the host. Young bed bugs engorge in 3 minutes, the adults in 10-20 minutes. After feeding the bed bugs return to their hiding place. These insects are good hitchhikers. Hosts Bed bugs blood feed on humans, birds, bats and sometimes other mammals (rabbits, mice, dogs, etc.). Researchers are not exactly sure of their orientation cues but seem to think they are attracted by carbon dioxide, heat, kaimones (compounds that hosts give off) and possibly blood group. Effects on host's immune system may cause: discomfort, itchiness, redness, swelling, rash - possible allergic reaction. Some people have no reaction at all. Other secondary effects on the host may include psychological stress, secondary infection and economic costs. Disease Transmission? Bed bugs have been noted to carry a number of diseases; however, no viral replication has been found in their gut and no transmission to humans has been reported; therefore, bed bugs are not considered to be a 'public health issue'. For more information see: http://www.bedbugsinfo.ca/ or http://blog.rom.on.ca/2011/06/i-think-i-have-bedbugs-what-should-i-do/ Blacklegged Deer Ticks These arthropods are not insects, have no wings, and are easily spread by birds. Deer ticks can carry Lyme disease transmitted by the bacterium carried by the tick (the tick feeds for 3-7 days). Ontario has different ticks, but now deer ticks and Lyme disease are widespread in Ontario and extend as far north as Thunder Bay. Lyme disease is a difficult disease to diagnose. Incubation may be anywhere from 3-32 days and includes a range of symptoms: fever, headache, bull's eye rash, numbness to fatigue. Health authorities suggest; if bitten, collect tick and take it to the Doctor or to a Public Health Unit where staff will send it to a laboratory for identification and testing. Delusional Parasitosis This condition is characterized by the feeling of being 'bitten'. Individuals often have dermatitis and skin lesions. The course of action for Ms. Guidotti is to examine any 'specimens' that are submitted and to follow-up with a number of questions to eliminate the possibility of missed obscure arthropods. The dermatitis/skin lesions may be due to medication, illness, environmental factors, allergies, etc. This condition seems to be most common in older females. If no arthropods are found after several tries - she recommends the individual see a physician. How to submit specimens to the ROM for identification - Preferred dead. Freeze or put in alcohol (isopropyl alcohol is fine). - Place in a container - not in envelope or bag so specimen does not get squashed. - Put name and telephone number on the container. - Mail to my attention at ROM. - Submit images to <antoniag@rom.on.ca> |
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| September 13, 2011 - Types of Trees, Management and Tree Replacement by Ryan Redvers, Certified Arborist |
| Ryan Redvers had a real love for trees. He appreciated the way the
trees grew, their bark, their shape, their size and their height. He
showed some pictures of dead trees with incredible circumferences (one
that was 18 feet in circumference). Some of his slides showed him high
up in the trees that he was caring for. See Clips 2009 re: Brian Muelaner, Ancient Tree Adviser To enhance his presentation Ryan used slides and set-up a number of tables to display various tree leaflets along with their accompanying name. Ryan spoke to club members and visitors about: The types of native and non native trees that grow in our forests and along our boulevards in Toronto and surrounding area. One of the issues that surfaced in his presentation was, "What do you do with moderately fast growing juvenile-teenage trees?" Most people like trees and plant them, but trees are like children, they need managing as they grow. Some people just let nature take its course and let the rain, wind or ice dismantle it for them. Some trees age gracefully while others do not and have problems. If you have power lines near your property you may want to consider the size of the tree that you plant. As a home owner the question arises, "When do I plant a replacement tree and what type of tree should I plant?" Listed below are the types of common native and non-native trees that Ryan has been involved with or planted: Manitoba Maple, Norway Maple, Silver Maple, Sugar Maple + Maple Hybrids, European Mountain Ash, White Ash, Red Oak, Bur Oak, Siberian Elm, Weeping Willow, Black Willow, Linden, Hawthorns (+ hybrids), Hackberry, Basswood, Cedar, Black Locust, Shade Master Locust, Honey Locust, Sunburst Locust, Ginkgo Biloba (Maidenhair Tree), Magnolia, Paper Birch, Yellow Birch, Hophornbeam Ironwood, Blue Beech, European Beech (Beeches are in the same family as the Oaks,), Black Walnut, Butternut, Hickory, Tree of Heaven, Kentucky Coffee Tree, Northern Catalpa, Horse Chestnut, Trembling Aspen (+ hybrids), Cottonwood, White Popular, Black Cherry, Tin Cherry, Eastern Hemlock, Red Pine, Eastern White Pine, Jack Pine, Austrian Pine, Douglas Fir, Common Tamarack Larch, Serbian Spruce. This is only a sample of the trees that are available. Ryan suggested that there are many new hybrids on the market that are suitable to plant. Each tree has its own particular problems, i.e. they attract aphids, they have nuts, their leaf litter won't compost down, they have too many keys, they have minute flower tassels that rain down, they grow too fast or too slow, they are too short or too tall or too big, they have thorns, they have numerous seed pods and they cannot tolerate the air pollution nor the clay dry soil. If you are in doubt on what to plant, simply drive down any street and check out the trees that are growing along the boulevard or ask the town for advice. To answer the question on what to plant, Ryan leaned toward the Silver, Silver-red (and hybrids) and Sugar Maple as a good boulevard tree but did caution us that these trees can grow to a significant size. He then went onto say that these types of trees form long slender branches in their younger form, can develop a heavy crop and often require crown reduction. Ryan also suggested the Red maple but said to be prepared for extremely slow growth. The Locust tree was mentioned because it takes nitrogen from the air; however, the native Black Locust has thorns and seed pots and can be invasive. Hybrid forms such as the Honey Locust, Shade-master Locust and Sun-burst Locust are also common boulevard trees but these trees can grow excessively tall and large. Another favorite tree that can be seen on the boulevard is the Linden Tree. Ryan said this type of tree is a magnet for aphids that can drip a sticky residue. One of the benefits of the Linden trees is it attracts Lady-bugs - they feast on the aphids. |
| The
Hackberry according to Ryan is one of the up and coming boulevard trees
(grows best in soil that is calcic and quite basic). This tree is in
the Elm family and has the potential to grow only 30-40 feet in height
and have a diameter of 1-2 feet.
Photo by R. Redvers
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| One
tree Ryan was totally against was the European Buckthorn. He said that
this tree was #4 on the black list for non-native invasive trees and
competes with and takes over the ground of the native Hawthorn trees.
Ryan said that there used to be 50 species of Hawthorn but there is now
only 25-30 species left. Apparently the Buckthorn is extremely
difficult to get rid of. i.e. if cut down it will simply grow back from
the root, plus there is no guaranteed success if the root system is
sprayed. This plant also spreads by seeds.
Photo by R. Redvers
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| Another
tree that Ryan did not recommend was the Norway Maple. He said that
this tree was once very popular but it has since been discovered to be
quite and invasive tree. It has a proliferous amount of keys, is
relatively fast growing and is prone to over extension. This type of
tree is also more prone to developing black spots and landscapers have
reported that its leaves do not break down quick enough when dug into
the garden. |
 Norway Maple by R. Redvers |
 Black spots on Norway Maple Photo by R. Riley |
 Manitoba Maple by R. Redvers |
Manitoba
Maple and Ash were other trees that Ryan did not recommend. Although
the Manitoba Maple is native to Canada, Ryan considered it to be a
nuisance tree. The Ash tree was not recommended because of the Ash
Borer problem. Apparently this insect has destroyed 70% of the Ash
trees in Toronto and has moved northward up to Finch. Ryan says there
is nothing that can be |
 The Ash Borer leaves a D shaped hole - by R. Redvers |
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| done to stop this infestation except to cut the trees down. Keswick is nervous because they have many Ash trees. One of the questions asked by the audience was, "What happens to the wood that is cut down?" - The insect lays its eggs just under the bark. Once the tree is cut the wood dries locking the insect in the wood so it cannot escape. The wood cannot leave the region. | ||||
What do you do with moderately fast growing juvenile-teenage trees? Most home owners move 3-5 times before settling into the home of their choice. Many owners plant tree(s) as a demonstration to their children. This gives you the warm fuzzies; however, most home owners don't realize the boulevard/forest tree they planted and left behind has the potential to live for 150-200 years. Some trees are simply genetically programmed to grow long stems. Occasionally some trees will hit a sweet spot (tap into an underground water source) in mother earth and grow excessively fast. Maybe you've heard chain-saws roaring after a heavy down pour, excessive wind or ice storm. If this scenario is familiar to you, Ryan has an answer for you. |
 Example of over extension - by R. Redvers |
| Watch
out for over-extension and heavy crowns in juvenile-teenage trees
(20-40 years old). In Ryan's slide he said, "Crown reduction or
subordination is a delicate process where many cuts are made to remove
the outer most tips. The goal is to reduce extension while increasing
diameter. The goal is not to reduce significant weight by making 6-10
inch cuts in diameter. The biggest cuts should be 3 inches or less in
diameter. 11/2 - 2 inches is the typical cuts that are made when
reducing a tree. When subordination is done correctly the tree will
move less with |
 Before crown reduction After crown reduction Photos by R. Redvers |
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| the wind and bend less with an ice load. The force at all crotches is reduced." The triangular shape form is the ideal goal. | |||
| The
above approach prevents leaving holes in the canopy. In this scenario
the tree on the right has been reduced with 6-10 inch cuts. This
approach causes the tree to compensate by creating vigorous multiple
shoots at the cut sites which develop into weakly attached branches that
are prone to breakage. Large cuts also have a tendency to lead to
fungal decay that eventually sends the whole tree into decline. The
biggest hole in a tree is one measurement for longevity. Trees that are cut/pruned badly like this will grow for five to ten years before showing signs of ill health. Large cuts may reduce the need for subordination every 2 years but predispose the tree to fungal infection and a host of multiple weak branches. Subordination is recommended every 2 years in the juvenile-teen years of a trees growth but should be tapered off as the tree matures. |
 Tree cropped with 6-10 inch cuts Photo by R. Redvers |
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| Ryan went on to say that once whole branches are removed it's the beginning of the end for the tree, which may not come for 15-20 years. |
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| When, Where and How to plant a replacement tree Ryan recommended planting a new tree as soon as you see a problem - general decline with the existing tree. The new tree can be planted as close as possible - usually approximately 1 foot away. If shade is a problem, simply trim up the branches on the old tree until the new tree can receive sunlight. Most new trees will glide up right under the old tree. The old tree will offer the new tree some degree of protection while it grows. |
| Examples of various boulevard trees and tree leaflets with their accompanying name: |
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 Black Locust Bur Oak Silver Maple Paper Birch Robinia pseudoacacia Quercus macrocarpa Acer Saccharinum Betula paperifera |
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 Oak Basswood Blue Beech Black Walnut Kentucky Coffee-Tree Quercus? Tilia americana Carpinus caroliniana Jugians nigra Gymnociadus dioicus |
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 Sample of tree leaflets on display table Squirrels love the nuts Large seed pods |
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| May 10, 2011 - Earthwatch Expedition "Brown Hyenas and Cape Vultures", February 2011, Johannesburg, South Africa by Kathy Boles CHRP, Lotek Wireless Fish & Wildlife Monitoring |
| "Dumalang" to everyone who has clicked onto this adventure expedition (Dumalang means "Hello") Kathy counted it a privilege to be able to go on this free 12 day hands-on work trip, compliments of her company, to Johannesburg, South Africa where she was involved in Hyena Research at the Phiri, Hyaena Research at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve and the Pilanesberg National Park. Getting to the destination was an exhausting 22 hour flight. The first part of the trip took her and her husband from Toronto to Amsterdam, the second part from Amsterdam down to Johannesburg, South Africa. The Brown Hyena was under attack by the Native Africans because they have associated the Brown Hyena as the killer of their cattle. This seems like a logical inference since these hyenas are always at the scene when the carcass is found. Researchers on the other hand did not perceive these animals as killers but as part of the ecological clean-up committee and the preventer of disease associated with rotting flesh in the dry and hot environment. To exonerate these animals of this hideous reputation, researchers needed to prove to the local inhabitants these animals were not guilty of these crimes and therefore needed to stop shooting them. The funding for researchers to investigate this travesty was sponsored by the "Earthwatch Expedition". The trick in fund raising was to attract enough volunteers to pay for the research. In this case only 10 volunteers were needed. This type of arrangement allowed guests to see and participate up close and personal in the research work that was being done. Tourists to the country on the other hand were not allowed to get out of their vehicle and were also limited from entering restricted areas of the reserve. For more information on Earthwatch Expeditions please visit Earthwatch Institute at: http://www.earthwatch.org/ Adventure of a Life-Time - All photos were submitted by Kathy Boles |
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| Beautiful Sunset scenes were a regular occurrence that she and the team saw |
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| Kathy
reported that inexperienced people from all around the world can go on
these trips and she has learned from experience that you are never too
old for an adventure and she would do it again. No previous work
related or camping experience was required. There was 1 couple from
Japan, 2 couples from the USA, one single man from the UK, one single
lady from Atlanta Georgia and Kathy and her husband from Canada making
a total of 10 people. Everyone met at the Johannesburg airport in South
Africa for their 12 day expedition. |
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| The sign "Chalet" was quickly discovered not to be a posh resort but an attractive compound set up in the bush with a number of tents for the guests. Each expedition guest(s) had their own tent, toilet, sink and shower. |
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| Wildlife
such as frogs frequently visited the shower area and needed to be moved
aside prior to bathing. A generator provided the needed electrical power for
guests from 5pm-10pm (if and when the expedition guests were not
working). |
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| "Jet
lag" was no excuse to be slack but guests were allowed an early to bed
the first night. This was a work trip and all guests were expected to
arise early, work late and contribute to this hands-on research
adventure regardless of their experience. Kathy reported that upon
arrival guests unpacked, had lunch and then went for a ride in the
"Bucky" (topless multi-seated truck) to get their first glimpse of the
reserve and the wildlife. Safety instructions were brief: Shake boots out before putting them on. Spider, scorpions and snakes can hide in them. Tuck pants into your socks and wear long sleeves to avoid ticks and do not get out of vehicle until the guard tells you it is safe to do so. The guards were to exit the vehicle first to check the immediate area for snakes and wild animals (The guards were well equipped with rifle, various knives and a communication device). Meals consisted of wild venison such as Impala, Wildebeest etc. and big breakfasts. African Wildlife Parks: Mankwe Wildlife Reserve (Mankwe means - "The land of the Leopard") The dual purpose 4,760 hectare Mankwe Park meets South African law requirements by providing the African Explosives and Chemicals Company, which manufactures blasting explosives and fuses for the platinum mines, with a large buffer zone around it to protect the communities while providing a home for many indigenous wild game reserve animals. Pilanesberg National Park This privately owned and operated park since 1969 nestled in a crater of an extinct volcano that existed 1500 million years ago boasts of having 552 square kilometers of land (55,000 hectares) that can be accessed through 200 kilometers of roads and holds 6,000 very dangerous animals. This park is one of the 3 alkaline complexes in the world. Visitors/tourists to the park must stay in their vehicles; however, researchers sponsored by the "Earthwatch Expedition" were exempt from this restriction and were allowed to get out of the vehicle. Adventure Objectives To follow the directions of park rangers Carry-out the instructions of the researcher Enjoy and appreciate the beauty of the country, culture, wildlife and their work experience |
| Work Detail (The day started at 6:00 am with a break from 2-4 pm when the temperature reaches 35-40 degrees) |
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| Work groups were split up into two teams (5 in each group) Set up 6 camera sites at Pilanesberg Set up 6 camera sites at Mankwe Install camera, cut grass, plant bait and do a Rumen drag at each site One member documents/records the groups activities Return in 4 days to repeat and replace SD card Collect and package Hyena scat samples Observe for Hyena pastings (markings on grass - this marks their territory and wards off other males) |
 Work groups day research kit |
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| The procedures were repeated at Pilanesberg and Mankwe |
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 The grass was cut with a machete before the camera was attached to the tree. |
 Odiferous bucket of bait |
 Bait is placed on ground, wired together then staked to the ground to prevent scavengers from carrying it away. |
 "The Drag": The sack of the stomach is called Rumen. Just as the title implies, is pulled to lure Hyenas with its odour from up to 3 Km away. |
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| General
bait locations had already been pre selected; however, exact GPS
coordinates are taken so the sites could be re-visited in 4 days to
repeat the procedure and replace the SD cards. |
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| Camera shy infrared banquet guests |
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 Spotted Dog |
 Male Lion |
 Hyena |
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 Hyena |
 Female Lion |
Photos placed in order of occurrence. Bottom right corner displays the Month, Day, Year, Hour, Minutes, Seconds |
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| Hyenas were seen at 2 of 3 sites. Other animals that were seen were Gemsbok, Rhino, Jackal and Ostrich. |
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| Information and instruction sessions regarding manual tracking |
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| Spoor identification and Animal Tracking by Dougal What type of animal the track belongs to How long the track has been there Which direction the animal was going Animal Counts Habitat Assessments Identify the animal scat |
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Photo of a Hyena foot print with the toes heading left |
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| Animal Counts While in position and from a safe vantage point, expedition guests were asked by the tracking expert to count an animal herd, their calves and record the adult's gender as they passed by. Kathy showed a brief clip of an un-named herd running by. Kathy got a count of 17 and was unable to distinguish the gender of the animals let alone count the calves. The tracking expert counted 32 and was also able to record the number of calves. Keeping track of the number of animals on the reserve is a conservation measure. If there are too many to fit the size of the park they need to be culled. Apparently the herd became spooked and began to run simply because their group was present. Anti-poaching walk-abouts The usual walking distance was about 4 kilometers for these types of outings. Kathy reported that Dougal carried his gun, knives and communication device on his belt. On these walk-abouts the team was asked to look in the trees and bushes for snares, for unfamiliar prints and for holes in the fences. Kathy reported that rangers would need to check the electric fence in the Mankwe Park every day to make sure it was working properly. Poachers were after the big ticket item - the Rhino Horn. Dung Beetle Kathy showed club members a fascinating film clip about a little industrious Dung Beetle on a shopping trip. The view begins by displaying this Dung Beetle rolling a huge ball of Wildebeest dung up an incline with the intention of taking this food back to its family. When the dung was nearly at the top of the hill the Dung Beetle momentarily lost its grip on the dung and it rolled back to the bottom of the incline. The Dung Beetle ran back to its treasure and started the process once again. One could see the struggle this tiny insect was having in pushing this dung. Just imagine the challenge of standing on your front feet and pushing a large round object with your rear legs. Habitat Assessment Kathy showed us the carcass of a dead Kudu (identified by its curly horns). To perform this assessment the researcher, using the dead animal as the center of a circle, uses a rope to measure outwards to a radius of 25 meters. Once the circle's circumference has been established the researchers then count whatever is within the circle i.e. trees, bushes etc. If the object for example is a tree(s) the researcher needs to identify the name(s) of the tree(s), its height, circumference and the number of them. The same principle applies for bush(es). This data collection is important and used for vulture research. |
| Hyena Scat Hyena scat turns white very quickly from the calcium in their system, from the eating of bones. In contrast Baboon scat has berries in it and is very identifiable. |
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| -Scat analysis could not be done because much rain had made the dung beetles very active -Researchers gather scat, take GPS coordinates and identify the colour (which determines how old the scat is) -Scat analysis helps researchers to understand eating habits/diet -They did have to take what samples they had (200+) and package them to send to the UK for DNA analysis to determine the type of bones, insects, berries and hair from animals like kudu, impala, etc. They can determine how old the hyena is and whether it is male/female -The team also had to look for pastings (markings on grass) this marks their territory and wards off other males. |
 Hyena Scat - Packaging was an unpleasant job |
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| Anxious Moments at Pilanesberg Park while in van With urgency in his voice Eddie retorts, "Back-up...Back-up". "Can't you smell it!" "What?" asks the group. "The musk odour when the elephant flaps its ears," said Eddie. The van backs up, stops. The elephant starts to saunter towards them. The van backs up again to turn around but this time into a mud hole. Without the usual ceremony i.e. guards out first, everyone hops out and pushes the stuck van out of the mud hole. |
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| Eddie reported that this elephant named
Marula is well known for knocking vehicles completely off the road. |
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| Visit to Louis's (PhD student) Vulture Restaurant |
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Researchers
have set-up "Vulture Restaurants" as a safe place for Cape Vultures to
eat because farmers are lacing the carcasses with poison. Researchers
are also using this dining experience to harness the birds with GPS-GSM
Teflon harness tracking devices. The current GPS-GSM devices have a
"store on board" capability, 13-18 mos. of battery life, and an
accuracy range of approximately 10 meters. Researchers are able to get
3-4 readings per day. Researchers hope to have 36 birds harnessed with
tracking devices by the end of 2011. To attract the vultures, dead
meat is placed in the enclosure. The researcher sits in a blind off to
the side. When new birds arrive the researcher pulls a cord that traps
the bird(s). The researcher dawns gloves, enters the cage, applies the
harness then exits leaving the enclosure open. The birds are now used
to this procedure and enter freely. |
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| Hyena Collars -Current Hyena Collars have been observed to leave noticeable marks and skin damage around the animals' neck. -Biologists have reported that there is an issue with not being able to turn the collars off. -Built-in release collar technology would be ideal. -There is no way of knowing how much battery life is left for non-deployed older collars. -Batteries of newer collars can be turned on at time of deployment. |
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| Night Outings |
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| The
night kit was comprised of a GPS, PDA, vehicle signs, range finder,
paperwork, pen, car batteries, spot lights, head lamps and lots of bug
spray. The spider web was stretched across the road and needed to be detached and anchored to bushes on the same side before passing by. |
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| Since
Hyenas are nocturnal animals many of the excursions were conducted at
night. Kathy reported that the animals stand out when the spot light
picks-up the shining of their eyes. Binoculars were used to identify
the animals and numbers and the range finder was used to record the
distance. The tall grass did obscure many of the animals. To pick up
the shining of their eyes, spot lamps were moved back and forth through
a 180 degree arc as the bucky/van moved along the road (one for each
side of the buck/van). Not all of the animals were hyenas, yet these
animals were identified and recorded. Kathy reported that the bucky was
always used in Mankwe Park and the van was always used at the
Pilanesberg Park. |
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| Research Data -Research shows that Brown Hyenas and vultures are merely scavengers not hunters that come in after the farm animal has been killed to clean-up the leftovers and bones. By providing this service, these animals keep the pathogens of the rotting carcass from getting to other species. -In comparison the Spotted Hyena (or Laughing Hyena) is a hunter. -Educating the farmers as to the service that the Brown Hyenas and vultures provide to their environment will be the next important step for the safety of this species. |
| Future Research Projects |
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| 1. Cape Vultures Where do they forage? Have they been exposed to veterinarian drugs after local farmers have cared for sick cattle? Are they feeding in protected areas like reserves or farm land? Investigate power line collisions (Is there anything that can be done to prevent these collisions?) -ESKOM (an energy company) is providing funding to do more research into vulture power line collisions. -Leverhulme Trust and Pretoria University also have funds for vulture research. |
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2. Black Backed Jackal Louis Phipps apparently has applied to "Earthwatch" for a new program to study Black Backed Jackals |
3. Snakes Puff Adder Snake Common Egg Eating Snake Masters' students are currently studying snakes (kinds unknown) Investigate body temperature in summer versus winter Track distance traveled and destination Overcoming the problem of applying a tracking device to something that sheds once a year The 3 main snakes: Puff Adder, Black Mamba & Cobra |
| African Wild Animal Photo Gallery |
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 Zebra Black Rhino Ox Pecker White Rhino Giraffe |
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 Hippopotamus |
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 Ostrich Wildebeest Water Buck |
| Ross Riley |
| Return |
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| March 8, 2011 - Bird Migration: Orientation and Navigation by Greg Mitchell, phD Candidate, University of Guelph |
| This
presentation is about Bird Migration in general and some of the
mechanisms that birds use to orientate and navigate. These mechanisms
that birds inherently use to orientate and navigate have only been
discovered by a lot of experimental research, observation and
collection of data. Greg's collection of experiments from various researchers gave the YSN club a bird's eye view into the past and current research that has and is being done to discover just how our feathered friends navigate. Unfortunately I was unable to keep up in my note taking and many of the experiments are lacking either a country of origin, a location name, an authors name, year of experimentation and type of bird used. Orientation versus Navigation Orientation maintains a bearing without reference to landmarks, origin or destination Navigation knows location with respect to a goal without reference to a map How Birds Navigate Outline:
Orientation is basically being able to move in a direction, able to maintain a bearing without using landmarks or without reference to your origin or your declination. This is an analogy to a human using a compass and following a bearing, i.e. north. Navigation means something a little bit different. You can use orientation while you are navigating but navigation means that you know where you are in reference to your goal and you know what direction you need to head in order to get to your goal. You don't need to know how you got to where you are but you can instinctively recognize where you are and be able to re-orientate and head towards your goal. This can only be accomplished by having a mental map. Several studies have been done to reflect this theory. How do they pick a direction and maintain that direction while they are migrating? There are 3 kinds of cues that they point to:
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| Orientation Using the Stars: (Stephen Emlen 1966-1970) We first began to get and understanding of this when Stephen Emlen (1966-1970) did some studies with Indigo Buntings. He knew that when these birds were ready for their fall migration they enter into a Zugunruhe behavioral state of mind (Zug means to move, migrate and Unruhe means anxiety, restlessness). He knew that the birds become anxious and restless when inhibited by confinement at migration time. He thought that maybe the birds were using the stars to navigate because they were nocturnal migrants. To validate the star orientation theory he needed to conduct an experiment. Method:
An ink blot was left on the side of the cone marked the bird's direction of travel. Method: Using the same set-up and method, Stephen then took his experiment to the next level:
He observed that blackening out the periphery had no effect on the bird's ability to orientate in a southerly direction for fall migration, but when the central part of the night sky was blackened out the birds could no longer orientate properly and their directional movements became random. It was this study that got researchers thinking about what cues birds were using to migrate. For a picture and description of the Emlen funnel please visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/emlen_funnel |
| Orientation using the Sun: The problem with using the sun is the constant changing of its position throughout the day. If for example, you used the sun for orientation purposes your trajectory would arc over the course of the day. The solution to this is to use a time compensation sun compass. To use this method of orientation the birds would require a type of internal clock displaying the time of day (it is thought that the birds have a type of internal clock) which allows them to fly on a specific angle relative to the suns position. There are a couple of methods that can be used to demonstrate this phenomena but Greg only outlined one method. When you have two bits of information (sun and time of day) you can manipulate either one or the other. For example, if you want your avatar to head east and the sun is at 11:00 o'clock in the south east, you face toward the sun then rotate yourself approximately 30 degrees to the east and head in that direction. This will be your heading for 11:00 o'clock. Since the sun moves through the horizon at approximately 15 degrees per hour, 12:00 o'clock would change the angle to 45 degrees (30 + 15). This is exactly what Starlings have been shown to do. |
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| Kramer 1957, British researcher proposed this mechanism of orientation for diurnal Starling migration during the day. Instead of changing the clock he manipulated the sun to trick the birds into thinking the morning was noon and the evening is 12 midnight by putting the birds on a different light/dark schedule. |  European Starling
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| To validate that
birds use the sun mechanism for orientation he set up an experiment in
which he manipulated the angle of the sun. The birds in this experiment
are migrating in a northerly direction. |
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Method:
At sunset the birds flew at 90 degrees relative to the position of the sun in order to keep their northerly heading. Conclusion: The birds used a combination of both the sun and time to help them with navigation. for articles on bird orientation and their interpretation please visit Wiley online library at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Once connected enter bird orientation and their interpretation into the search box. |
Orientation using the Earth's Magnetic Field: For Declination maps visit: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=declination+map&form=qbir&qs=n&sk=&sc=1-15 Note: Magnetic Declination changes from year to year. There is a lot of information to be used when using the Magnetic field:
Method:
Result: Instead of the bird heading north the bird moves in a north-easterly direction in the funnel cage when the Helmholtz coil shifts the bird's Magnetite to the left. When the poles of the Helmholtz coil are reversed and the bird's Magnetite is shifted to the right the bird moves in a north-westerly direction in the funnel cage. Similarly, birds that are migrating south move in a south-easterly and south-westerly direction after being placed in the Helmholtz coil. Conclusion: The birds are definitely cuing into the earth's magnetic field for migration For further information on the Magnetic field please visit: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/nav_orient.htm The above 3 pieces of information potentially can be used while the birds/animals are migrating but are they enough? Experiments by Rachel Muheim strongly suggest there is a 4th cue - Polarized Light Magnetic North can vary with geographic North i.e. Magnetic north doesn't necessarily mean true north. The tilt of the earth and magnetic declination must be taken into consideration. This data alone will not get you to your destination. |
| Manipulation of Polarized Light: (Experiments by Rachel Muheim - working in the Yukon delta, Alaska with the Savannah Sparrow) She and other researchers (Moore and Phillips 2006) hypothesized that birds were using polarized light patterns at sunset/sunrise to give accurate indication of what true north and true south is. The signals disappear as the sunset and briefly reappear at sunrise. |
 Savannah Sparrow
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| The birds in effect are calibrating what direction and what
angle they would need to fly relative to the magnetic field. At sunset / sunrise there is a band of polarized light that is invisible to the human eye but visible to the birds (It has been discovered that other animal species have this ability as well). The birds are taking these bands and averaging them. So no matter where they are on the planet the band average will tell them what direction south is. The magnetic field might not necessarily tell them what true south is, but point for example west of south. By using the average of sunset / sunrise polarized light bands the birds are able to pin-point the direction of south and adjust the angle they would need to fly using the magnetic field. |
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Method:
Instead of the birds heading south all of the birds shifted their movement by 90 degrees East / West according to direction of shift. This was very strong evidence that birds were using the bands of polarized light in the sky for navigation. For further information on Manipulation of Polarized Light by Rachel Muheim work please visit: http://www.angel.ekol.lu.se/~rachel/rachelpers.php and http://pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/asc/Phillips/Default_Old_08_21.htm |
| Genetic Control of Migrating Orientation Experiments by Helbig 1991 with European Black Caps The breeding Black-Caps populations in Germany migrate south-west to Spain then down to West Africa. The breeding Black-Caps populations in Hungry migrate south-east to Turkey and then down to East Africa. There is some overlap within these populations (minimal since these birds don't breed at the same time so there is not a lot of opportunity for these birds to mix together). Movement and orientation can be modified by a number of things Method - What Helbig did in 1991:
The mean orientation of the off-spring, Black-Caps crosses was to the south providing evidence that there is some genetic control over the migration orientation for birds. |
| Physiological control of migration orientation using fat loads The object of this experiment was to discover, what the physiological controls of migration orientation are. This study was done on the north side of the Gulf of Mexico. S(?) and M(?) measured the bird's fat reserves during their migration south. Method:
The birds that were fat headed right out over the water. The birds that were lean headed to the west presumably to fly inland and go around the Gulf until they had sufficient fat reserves. Conclusion: A fat reserve is a cue to flight orientation, but how they orientate is partly fixed genetically, and might be determined by their body condition, i.e. how much fat they have and the circumstances that they find themselves in especially when they need to cross a large expanse of water. |
| Timing Effects on Migration Orientation Greg then spoke briefly about the work/studies that he was doing on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy, approximately 5 kilometers south of Grand Manan Island. Kent Island is an ideal habitat for birds. The northern 1/3 is composed of Boreal Forests and the southern 2/3 is composed of grass land. Many bird groups live there. One of the groups of birds that Greg chose to study had two different migration patterns. The early breeder's clutches molted early and they migrated early. |
 Grand Manan Archipelago in Bay of Fundy
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| The late breeder's
clutches molted late and they migrated late but both groups had
different migrating patterns to the same destination. The early
breeders flew 50 kilometers west, north-west from Kent Island to the
mainland then follow the mainland down to Cape Cod. The late breeders
flew 350 kilometers south west directly to Cape Cod. |
 Map: Cape Cod and Grand Manan Archipelago
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| The unanswered question is: Did the first flight
of early breeders choose a safer route by flying 50 kilometers to the
mainland before proceeding down the coast to Cape Cod or did the second
flight of late breeders that flew directly to Cape Cod? For background information on Kent island please visit: http://www.bowdoin.edu/kent-island/ For a map on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick please visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/grand_manan_island_(new_brunswick) |
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| How do birds Navigate? (2 experiments) #1 Perdeck 1958 Navigation is knowing where you are in reference to a goal somewhere on the surface of the planet. Evidence for navigation (Perdeck 1958 - First experiments involving navigation took place in (?). This early experiment in navigation involved the transplanting of 11,000 European Starlings to validate their navigational skills - to see if they could adjust their orientation and fly (navigate) to their winter destination in France. Method:
The juvenile birds were disorientated and simply flew in a south-westerly direction. They were not able to orientate and adjust to the new location and were not able to navigate to their winter habitat in France. The adult birds on the other hand were able to orientate despite the trans-location to a new area and adjust their flight plans to accommodate the new location and were able to navigate and fly in a north-west direction to their winter habitat in France. # 2 Thorup et al 2007 The second and more recent experiment involving navigation (Navigation is knowing where you are in reference to a goal somewhere on the surface of the planet) was done by Thorup et al 2007 in North America. This experiment involved the transplanting of White Throated Sparrows on the west coast to the east coast (a translocation distance of 3,700 kilometers) during their migration to their southerly winter grounds. To accomplish this, the birds were captured on route to their winter grounds, loaded on board a plane and flown back north to the opposite side of the coast where they would need to make the journey again from a new location. The hypothesis: To prove that birds navigate by knowing where they are in reference to a goal somewhere on the surface of the planet. Method:
The adult White Throated Sparrows automatically knew that they were in a new location (east coast), adjusted their flight plans to accommodate the new location and were able to navigate and fly in a south west direction to their winter grounds. The juvenile White Throated Sparrows did not have that ability Conclusion: The adult birds have some type of genetic map or imprint to re-orientate themselves when their surroundings are changed, but the juveniles, do not have this ability / established map to draw upon. Question: "Is it possible that the birds have not been taught that behavior?" Answer: "Song birds do not teach their offspring migration routes like geese and swans do." Greg went on to say that these White Throated Sparrows have never been to the east coast, yet recognized the change and were able to adjust their migration route. |
| Navigation using Magnetic Fields (Fransson et al 2001) Thrush Nightingales were used in this experiment Method:
The birds that were subjected to the magnetic field were totally disorientated. The juvenile birds inherently knew that when they get to a certain point on the earths magnetic field they need to stop otherwise they would be out in the desert. The birds that were not manipulated by the magnetic field were able to get their bearing and navigate successfully. Ross Riley |
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| February 8, 2011 - Unique Native Plants and Plant Communities of the Bruce Peninsula by Mark Carabetta, Conservation Science Manager, Ontario Nature |
| Writer
- This is another area of expertise and science that I am somewhat unaware of. It involves the study of native plants and plant
communities. If you don't
believe me try letting native plants grow on your property in a well
groomed city street neighbourhood like a friend did. In this real life drama some
neighbours secretively sprayed the "weeds" on the town property
between the street and sidewalk. Needless to say this couple was quite
upset. According
to them these were not invasive weeds but Native Ontario plants that
would mind their manners. If you looked at their front yard it was also
covered with well-groomed Ontario Native plants. Unfortunately this
couple moved due to constant neighbour harassment. At a glance, this subject looks a bit intimidating but it can be broken down into Introduction, Score Keepers (A bank of data information vital to the protection of all plant and living creatures on the earth. Without it we could inadvertently annihilate many animal and plant species without even knowing it), Niagara Escarpment and Nature Reserves (3). Introduction This topic was chosen as a direct result of the concentrated work that was done on three of the reserves on the Bruce Peninsula. Ontario Nature has a total of 22 nature reserves with a combined size of just over 5804 Acres plus 2 conservation easements (An easement is property that is privately owned but there are development restrictions placed on the property for protection purposes). If you wish to see most of the Nature Reserves of southern and eastern Ontario please visit: http://ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/nature_reserves.php Mark acknowledged Maria Papoulias and Peter Kelly for the fieldwork/research that they have done on these reserves. For clarity the words describing plants or animals as being unique or rare are relative terms, simply because they may or may not be rare or unique somewhere else. Since these terms are ambiguous several committee bodies have evolved to clarify and keep accurate records. |
| Score Keepers This committee determines which species is listed as endangered or threatened in Canada. |
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| The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) COSEWIC is a committee of representatives from federal, provincial and non-governmental agencies that assigns national conservation status to species at risk in Canada, based on detailed status reports. Some species listed by COSEWIC are currently protected by provincial legislation. |
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| This committee determines which species is listed as endangered or threatened in Ontario. | |||
| The Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) COSSARO is the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources committee that evaluates the conservation status of species occurring in Ontario and makes recommendations on the status of species at risk in Ontario. |
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| The IUCN has developed a red list to outline how threatened or rare these species are. | |||
| The International Union for the Conflict of Nature (IUCN) |
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| This Nature Service monitors rare species. | |||
| Nature Service (an off-shoot of the Nature Conservancy in the USA) |
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| In Ontario we have the Natural Heritage Information Centre. This centre is part of the Ministry of Natural Resources that provides information on rare and at risk species plus tracks them. | |||
| The Natural Heritage Information Centre |
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| Ranking Species: Each species (whether plant or animal) is given a rank using the initials G, N and S. G = Globally N = Nationally S = State or Province Numbers from 1 - 5 are then used to indicate the plant or animals spread and abundance For example 1 = Critically imperiled / Rare (which means there are less than 5 populations remaining) 2 = Imperiled 3 = Vulnerable 4 = Apparently secure 5 = Secure / wide spread and abundant When these letters and numbers are all put together this example is what it looks like: e.g. G3, N4, S5; meaning: Globally = vulnerable Nationally = apparently secure State or Province = secure i.e. Red Maple is ranked as G5, N5 & S5 which means it is secure as a species i.e. American Ginseng is ranked as G3, N2 & S2 which means it is Globally vulnerable, Nationally it is imperiled and Provincially it is imperiled. To complicate matters further plants are not just looked at as plants but as plant communities. If you wish to learn more about "Rare Species Ranking" please visit: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ranking.htm or http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/enthusiast/3_rank.php |
| It is impossible to speak about the unique native plants and plant communities of the Bruce Peninsula without at least noticing the presence of the Niagara Escarpment. | |||
| Niagara Escarpment One of the distinguishing features of the Bruce Peninsula is the Niagara Escarpment. This Escarpment extends from New York State, runs just south of Lake Ontario then up into southern Ontario via Niagara Falls, through Hamilton then up the Bruce Peninsula across the Manitoulin Island, St. Joseph's Island, then swings |
 Approximate outline of the Niagara Escarpment |
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| down into Michigan.
The escarpment that runs up the coast of the Bruce Peninsula has been
classified as one of 15 biospheres in Canada since 1990 and is part of
a network of 531 biosphere reserves in 105 countries. If you wish to see other map displays about the extent of the Niagara Escarpment please visit: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Map+of+niagara+escarpment&view=detail&id=424C9F87B6C85BD9ECD1C503CAF59B648608E95&FORM=IGRE1 |
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Nature Reserves Mark said that Ontario Nature has done a fair amount of inventory / ground work on 7 reserves in the Gray-Bruce Counties on the Bruce Peninsula, but he focused on: Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve Petrel Point Nature Reserve Malcolm Bluff Shores Nature Reserve The Malcolm Bluff Shores Nature Reserve is one of the newest reserves. See accompanying photos below. |
 Red stars mark approximate location of the 3 Nature Reserves on Bruce Peninsula |
| Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve - This 67 hectare reserve was purchased in 1993 when a lot of focus was placed on the Great Lakes Alvars - Many research publications were written about Alvars - Has a board walk running through it - Ecological mapping, aerial photographs and the first natural plant inventories were done here by Maria Papoulias |
View of the Malcolm Bluff Shores property taken from Skinner's Bluffs Photo by Mark Carabetta |
| - Plants were also divided into their different community types and a species list was made out - Many rare plant communities were found as a result of this work; for example, Creeping Juniper Shrubby Cinquefoil Alvar (G2) Jack Pine, Northern White Cedar, White Spruce Tree Alvar (G2) and Dwarf Lake Iris (G3) just to name a few. - One animal species, the Massasauga Rattler (G3) was also seen at this reserve. If you plan to hike this trail this reserve is located on the Upper Bruce Peninsula on the northwest corner of Hwy. 6 and Dyer's Bay Road. The trail starts at an opening about 400 metres north of the Dyer's Bay Road (on the west side of the highway). Look for the Ontario Nature reserve sign set back from the highway. Do not park along Hwy. 6 or at the reserve entrance. For further information on the Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve please visit: http://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/priorities.php |
| Petrel Point Nature Reserve - This is a very ancient reserve located at Red Bay on Lake Huron - Purchased in a piece meal fashion from 1967 - 2010. (Total size to date = 33.6 hectares) - Inventory mapping has been done as outlined in the previous reserve - A globally rare Great Lakes Coastal Meadow Marsh plant habitat (G2 & S2) is located here. These distinct marsh plant communities are separated by just very slight elevations and from those plants living on the rift. |
Fresh bear track by Mark Carabetta hiking at Malcolm Bluff Shores |
| - 317 vascular plant species and 71 different
families were found on the reserve and surrounding area as a result of
the plant inventory that was done. This includes carnivorous plants, 16 different species of orchids and 5
different species of rare plants. - When the total number of plant species found on the reserve is plotted on a pie shaped percentage graph, only a very small percentage could be classified as globally rare. If you plan to hike this trail this reserve from Hwy. 6 turn west at the town of Mar. Drive along the Red Bay Road to a T-junction, drive north on Huron Road roughly 3 kilometres, then turn left (west) on Petrel Point Road. This road is just north of the Red Bay Lodge and divides the northern and southern halves of the reserve. Please park only on the north side of the road. A map and list of the Nature Reserves can be seen at: http://ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/nature_reserves.php If you want further information about the Petrel Point Nature Reserve please click on its listing. |
| Malcolm Bluff Shores Nature Reserve Welcome to the newest nature reserve - simply cross the Bruce Peninsula to the Georgian Bay side! This reserve is tucked in between the Cape Cook Indian Reserve to the north-east, the dead-end Mallory Road to the south-west and flanked by Colpoy's Bay to the east. Directly across Colpoy's Bay are Skinners Bluffs. |
Shoreline view of Malcolm Bluff Shores Photo by Mark Carabetta |
| Once all the parcels of land scheduled to be
purchased by Ontario Nature and in partnership with The Bruce Trail
Conservancy by the spring of 2012 are complete, this newest nature
reserve will then be the second largest of Ontario Nature's consisting of over 1,000 acres (404.68 hectares). There is almost 4 Km of Bruce trail on the reserve escarpment property that overlooks the 4 Km of beautiful unspoiled shore-line of Georgian Bay below. Mark reports that it is a fantastic view. The elevation from the shore to the top of the escarpment is approximately 110 metres. Not only does the escarpment provide a fantastic view for visitors but it is also the home for numerous birds and many rare plants. Mark showed the group a sketch of the nature reserve from a cross sectional perspective. Using this cross sectional diagram as a guide, it was easy to see the geological formations and various elevations that exist on the property. Mark reported that a plant cliff ecologist, Peter Kelly, a researcher from the University of Guelph had randomly selected and studied a 40 meter section of the upper and lower cliff face of the escarpment on the reserve and reported to him that there were 291 living Eastern White Cedars and 12 dead Cedars on the upper cliff face and 27 living Cedars and 262 dead Cedars on the lower ground level section within this 40 meter section. Fifteen of the living Cedars were discovered to be over 300 years of age and 1 cedar almost 600 years of age. Peter apparently added and speculated that the chances of finding a tree of 1000 years of age on this 6 Km stretch of cliff face was probably very good. Cedars are basically a common plant, but what makes these Cedars rare is their age. Given the fact that these trees are rare, rock climbing would be extremely detrimental to their well-being. Mark had in his possession a book entitled "Cliff Ecology" that outlined the importance of ecology of cliffs from all over the world. Please see the Peninsula Bruce Trail Club for hiking the Malcolm Bluff Shores at: http://www.pbtc.ca/hikes.html All of Ontario Nature's reserves are open to the public. Ontario Nature is currently seeking donations in support of its project to protect the Malcolm Bluff Shores property. Ross Riley |
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| January 11, 2011 - Science-Based Monitoring of the Nearshore Zone, Lake Simcoe (Ontario Canada) by Brian Ginn, phD, Limnologist, Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority |
| If you are like most people you don't go to the doctor until you have a problem. In this scenario it is the community (people within a 30 kilometre radius of Lake Simcoe) that needs the doctor. "If; for example, the water tastes and smells like dead fish," the doctor would be a limnologist. If the problem is severe enough a limnologist is hired to investigate the problem. A possible cause could be obvious - dead fish, dumping of toxic waste into the water or bacteria, but in most cases the cause is not obvious. In some cases the community doesn't even know that they have a problem until the news media highlights it for them in a dramatic manner. By that time, so much environmental change has taken place that it is very difficult to know exactly where to start to fix the problem. I approached Doctor B. Ginn before he presented his topic, "Science-Based Monitoring of the Nearshore Zone: Lake Simcoe (Ontario, Canada)" and asked him if I could record it and post it on the YSN web-site. To my delight he said that he would send me a pdf version of his research because he wanted this information to be made available to the community. 2 versions: Click to view - Version #1 / Version #2 - click on (Distribution of Aquatic Plants in Relation to Nutrients, Substrate...) At the end of Brian's presentation I didn't know whether to cry, laugh or protest. To cry because the government has made up it's mind that it wants to expand industry and growth north of the city of Toronto; to laugh because we are like an ostrich with its head in the sand who has chosen denial to deal with the problem at hand; or to protest vehemently to get the government's attention to stop this insane industrial and rural expansion project. To help you get your feet on the ground I have started this presentation with a definition of limnology. The definition that suited this issue the best was obtained from: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology> Limnology is the study of inland waters. It is often regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made). This includes the study of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streams and wetlands. A more recent sub-discipline of limnology,termed landscape limnology, studies, manages, and conserves these aquatic ecosystems using a landscape perspective. Limnology is closely related to aquatic ecology and hydrobiology, which study aquatic organisms in particular regard to their hydrological environment. |
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| Ross Riley |
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us: mailto:ysnclub@yahoo.ca |